Notes from banking fragility talk
Here are my unedited notes from David Miles' talk on monetary policy and banking fragility tonight. This may not be of much sense or interest to everyone, so feel free to skip it if you're not into this topic.
[Here is the somewhat more coherent post I wrote before the talk]
[Here is the somewhat more coherent post I wrote before the talk]
Miles – recently wrote a paper about the benefits (and costs) of higher bank capital.
LSE is intellectual home of MPC in many ways.
Links between monetary policy and financial stability: strong and significant
Compared to pre-recession trend in 2007, this recession is almost as bad as 1929, and on current projections will be WORSE from 2012 onwards.
Changes in banking sector since previous eras – more gross debt (now being reduced), more fiscal compensation (mostly automatic stabilisers), much higher bank leverage. There would have had to be a rebalancing of some kind, but the rebalancing is now happening in the context of a financial crisis.
One challenge: policy compensations for imbalances (VAT rise, sterling depreciation) plus commodity price rises, all lead to short-term inflation. Likely to go higher still due to domestic energy prices. Squeeze on household real incomes has been very large. Some people criticise the MPC for allowing this to happen – but this is bad economics. The MPC cannot have any control over this. VAT rise, imports and commodity price increases all require real incomes to fall. In fact, if MPC had increased interest rates real incomes would have fallen even further.
Emphasises: the fall in living standards are caused by real rebalancing after the recession, not nominal phenomena.
People’s main responses to inflation: cut back spending, shop around. Few bring forward purchases or push for higher wages. Wage settlements have remained low, 2%.
Domestically generated inflation probably below 2% now.
Reinhart & Rogoff say that a 10% fall from trend growth is typical after a financial crisis.
We need to make the financial system more robust – the single best way to do this is for banks to use much more equity capital than they have to date.
Leverage has already fallen – in UK, from about 40 to 20 on average – in the US, 40 in 2007, 50 in 2008, now about 16. Spread between different banks has fallen even more.
Has suggested that equity capital should be twice as high as suggested in Basel III (relative to total assets not risk-weighted assets).
Leverage has fallen, but it’s partly because assets have fallen as well as because capital increased. Assets fallen because of lower demand for, as well as lower supply of, lending.
There’s an argument that higher bank equity will be costly (banks will reduce lending). This is not clearly borne out by recent data, but it’s a fair question: where will the equity come from?
If banks today needed to double the amount of common equity from today’s levels, you’d need a trillion dollars of extra equity. But if this is done over a number of years, it won’t pose great difficulties and won’t have substantial knock-on effects – will show why.
Liabilities of UK banks look like:
- Deposits:
- 14% banks
- 5% other companies
- 16% households
- 18% other financial corporations
- 8% Bonds
- 6% other securities
- 2% subordinated
- 26% derivatives
- 5% equity (of which 4% core tier 1 equity)
You could think of this change as a portfolio switch from other forms of liability.
[Is the problem that there is no demand for equity-like assets? Do people insist on liquid, fixed-income assets in debt form?]
How can we persuade people to provide equity-like financing instead of debt-like? This might be easier than we think. Ultimately, it all comes from household – though very indirectly. Investor distribution in bank shares:
- 57% investment advisors
- 2% mutual funds
- 1% other
- 3% pensions
- 11% unclassified
- 4% banks
- 1% corporations
- 18% government
- 0% hedge fund managers
- 0% holding companies
- 1% individuals
- 2% insurance companies
Similar for US and Germany.
Thought experiment: assume all bank equity and non-deposit debts of banks is owned by a single financial intermediary – an asset manager, a bit like a pension fund, unit trust, insurance company rolled into one.
Imagine banks now issued a whole lot more equity and retired a corresponding amount of bonds. The asset manager finds that in order not to change the underlying characteristics of their portfolio, they need to sell bank bonds and buy the new equity. [not demonstrated convincingly]
Claim: asset manager owns all equity but is liable for all its debts [huh?]
Like MM reasoning
Claim: asset manager owns equity and some bank debt in bond form. A switch in funding makes no difference to this manager.
Accepts that there are some problems in this: some investors only invest in equity or in debts, may not want to switch.
There is an argument (Diamond and Rajan) about why banks may need to finance a lot of their operations in demandable debt: it’s hard for people who provide debt to be sure about what the banks are doing with their money. Maybe the managers are taking high risks. One of the advantages of demandable debt is that if it looks like management are taking advantage of their control of the assets, individuals with retail deposits can respond by getting their money back. This will cause a bank run. The fear of this disciplines the management of the bank.
But most bank debt is owned by asset managers and is not demandable in this way. So this argument doesn’t really hold.
Question is: would a change to more equity funding hurt the economy significantly? Conclusion from above arguments is – not really, as long as it’s done in a gradual way. Having banks hold substantially more capital is therefore likely to make the system safer.
Notes on audience questions from twitter feed (these are in reverse order):
#lsefragility Miles: amount of truly liquid assets held by banks was much lower in 2007 than the past. Would suggest liquidity requirements.
#lsefragility final Q: should regulatory reserves be used in addition to interest rates as a monetary policy lever?
#lsefragility Q: the UK isn't isolated - will any new defences be swept away anyway by EU/US problems? Miles: we ought to do this worldwide.
@paulmasonnews #lsehvk #lsefragility my questions following last night’s excellent debate. wwwnoelbell.blogspot.com/2011/07/hayek-…
#lsefragility Q: will this directly help the economy now? Miles: no, it's insurance for the future. Shouldn't pursue too quickly.
#lsefragility Miles: MM doesn't hold perfectly, but is still as useful as say Newton's laws, which also aren't perfect.
#lsefragility Miles: MM does not hold fully. But if equity increases, volatility& return on equity is influenced, making it more attractive
#lsefragility Q: doesn't your MM argument also rely on Ricardian equivalence, because investors are also on hook through taxes?
#lsefragility Q: Selgin said in #lsehvk we should have let banks in 2008 go bust. Should we? Miles: I don't see the zombie banks out there
#lsefragility Miles: to preserve risk-return characteristics of existing equity-debt portfolios, investors will have to buy the new equity.
#lsefragility Q from asset manager: who's going to buy this equity? I don't see the demand.
#lsefragility My version: distance betw ultimate asset holder and asset manager, differing incentives, leads to risks being misallocated
#lsefragility Miles: unclear. But may be to do with tax advantage of debt; or to do with limited liability and implied state backing.
#lsefragility Q: MM says high leverage causes higher financing costs. So why did banks increase leverage so much?
#lsefragility Miles: not quite true, because benefits are also external (to bank borrowers eg small business) and that's not captured by MM
#lsefragility Q: can you use Modigliani-Miller argument - in a world where MM holds, you don't need capital reserves anyway.
#lsefragility audience Q: how about hybrid/convertible bonds? Miles: the danger is the uncertainty in the criteria for conversion.
»
#lsefragility my Q about correlation. Miles: in a crisis, most things are correlated even if they don't appear so before. So doesn't help.
Comments